1789: The United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789, establishing the federal judiciary system, including the Supreme Court.
1869: "Black Friday" occurs when a failed attempt to corner the gold market leads to a financial panic and crash on the New York Stock Exchange.
1896: F. Scott Fitzgerald, American author known for "The Great Gatsby," is born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
1934: Babe Ruth plays his final game as a New York Yankee at Yankee Stadium, marking the end of his illustrious career with the team.
1948: Honda Motor Co. is founded by Soichiro Honda in Hamamatsu, Japan, laying the groundwork for one of the world's leading automakers.
1957: The United States conducts its first underground nuclear test, code-named "Rainier," at the Nevada Test Site.
1968: 60 Minutes, one of the longest-running television news programs in the United States, premieres on CBS.
1991: The rock band Nirvana releases their iconic album "Nevermind," which becomes a cultural phenomenon and helps popularize grunge music.
2007: The United States Air Force awards a contract worth $35 billion to Northrop Grumman and its European partner EADS to build aerial refueling tankers.
2013: The United Nations chemical weapons inspectors report that sarin gas was used in a chemical attack in the Ghouta region of Syria on August 21st, killing hundreds of civilians.
2014: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully places the Mars Orbiter Mission, also known as Mangalyaan, into orbit around Mars, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the fourth space agency in the world to do so.
2015: Pope Francis addresses the United States Congress, becoming the first pope to do so, where he discusses issues such as climate change, immigration, and social justice.
2017: The Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq holds an independence referendum, with an overwhelming majority voting in favor of independence from Iraq.
2019: Climate activist Greta Thunberg delivers a powerful speech at the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York City, calling out world leaders for their inaction on climate change.
2020: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, dies at the age of 87, sparking a debate over the appointment of her successor.
306: St. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, and St. Cornelius, Pope of Rome, are executed under the rule of Roman Emperor Galerius for refusing to worship the Roman gods.
622: Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, completes his hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
1780: Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army, commits treason by offering to surrender the fort at West Point to the British during the American Revolutionary War.
1869: "Black Friday" occurs when a failed attempt to corner the gold market leads to a financial panic and crash on the New York Stock Exchange.
1960: The USS Enterprise, the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, is launched by the United States Navy in Newport News, Virginia, revolutionizing naval warfare.
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